Most of the industrial organic precursors used to make plastics, solvents, commodity products, and numerous essential chemicals are currently derived from fossil fuels. With the dwindling fossil fuel of nature resource, glucose production derived from lignocellulosic biomass is one sustainable alternative and converting glucose into other chemicals through different catalytic pathways has been intensively studied in the past few years. Rational design and surface modification on carbonaceous materials could effectively depolymerize lignocellulosic biomass-derived polysaccharide to monosaccharide through acidic hydrolysis. Previously, the adsorption and depolymerization of b-glucan molecules derived from crystalline cellulose on porous carbon materials have been explicitly studied recently. Herein, novel carbon catalysts with high coverage of acidity on the surface were developed and this catalytic system could depolymerize amorphous cellulose to 39% production yield of glucose while acidic functionality was presented at a catalytic ratio of 4.8 mol%. In addition, the dilemma among monosaccharide production, hydrolytic depolymerization and cellulose recrystallization was studied comprehensively by using the technology of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD). On the other hand, for fine chemical production derived from monosaccharides, we have discovered using a eutectic ternary LiNO3−NaNO3−KNO3 (LSP) molten salt melt under mild conditions for chemical transformation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) production directly and simple vacuum distillation system can be employed for easy separation of HMF while processing. The aforementioned chemical transformation through LSP molten salt melts could be attributed to the intrinsic unique acid−base pair and saccharide molecule perturbation by small cations present in molten salt melts. To understand the reaction dynamics above, computational study has been also studied in progress.